目前国内外常用的黄瓜视频软件脱硫的工艺有湿式催化氧化法脱硫、碱式生物法脱硫、酸式生物法脱硫、湿式络合铁催化氧化法和活性碳系或氧化铁系干法精脱硫等。 下面就不同工艺进行分别介绍并进行比较。

　　At present, the commonly used biogas desulfurization processes at home and abroad include wet catalytic oxidation desulfurization, alkaline biological desulfurization, acid based biological desulfurization, wet chelated iron catalytic oxidation, and activated carbon or iron oxide based dry desulfurization. Below, different processes will be introduced and compared separately.

　　1、不同脱硫工艺介绍

　　1. Introduction to different desulfurization processes

　　（1）干法脱硫工艺?干法脱硫是通过固体有机脱硫剂将气态硫化物转化为固体硫化物，该法特点是设备制造简单、操作简便，净化度较高，脱硫剂可再生，但价值很低，达到饱和硫容后就须更换。通常用于气量小、硫化氢含量低、需要深度脱硫的气体脱硫，且对气温和水分有一定要求的场景。脱硫剂通常分为活性碳系、氧化铁系、锌锰系几类。脱硫塔多为固定床层，多塔串联使用。用过的脱硫剂通过掺煤燃烧或厂家回收处理再利用。 

　　(1) Dry desulfurization process? Dry desulfurization is the process of converting gaseous sulfides into solid sulfides using solid organic desulfurizers. The characteristics of this method include simple equipment manufacturing, easy operation, high purification degree, and renewable desulfurizers. However, its value is low, and it needs to be replaced after reaching saturation sulfur capacity. Usually used for gas desulfurization with low gas volume, low hydrogen sulfide content, requiring deep desulfurization, and having certain requirements for temperature and moisture. Desulfurizers are usually divided into several categories: activated carbon based, iron oxide based, and zinc manganese based. Most desulfurization towers have a fixed bed and are used in series with multiple towers. Used desulfurizers can be burned with coal or recycled by manufacturers for reuse.?

　　（2）湿式催化氧化法脱硫工艺?湿式催化氧化法脱硫基本原理可概括为碱液吸收、氧化再生和硫的分离等三个过程。基础脱硫溶液的溶质及溶剂分别为纯碱、催化剂和软水。黄瓜视频软件中的H2S通过碱性溶液吸收并与OH-反应生成HS-和H2O，同时HS-自由扩散至碱性溶液中液相催化剂表面，发生氧化还原反应，催化剂被还原，HS-被氧化形成单质S。催化剂在有氧供给的条件下，催化剂得以恢复再生并可循环重复使用。简而言之，利用碱性脱硫溶液吸收硫化氢形成NaHS，NaHS在催化剂的作用下氧化反应形成单质硫，形成单质硫后从脱硫液中分离出来。?

　　(2) Wet catalytic oxidation desulfurization process? The basic principle of wet catalytic oxidation desulfurization can be summarized as three processes: alkali absorption, oxidation regeneration, and sulfur separation. The solute and solvent of the basic desulfurization solution are soda ash, catalyst, and soft water, respectively. H2S in biogas is absorbed by alkaline solution and reacts with OH - to generate HS - and H2O. At the same time, HS - diffuses freely to the surface of the liquid-phase catalyst in the alkaline solution, undergoing oxidation-reduction reaction. The catalyst is reduced, and HS - is oxidized to form elemental S. Under aerobic supply conditions, the catalyst can be restored and regenerated, and can be recycled and reused. In short, using alkaline desulfurization solution to absorb hydrogen sulfide to form NaHS, NaHS undergoes oxidation reaction under the action of catalyst to form elemental sulfur, which is then separated from the desulfurization solution.?

　　具体化学反应如下：?H2S+Na2CO3=NaHS+NaHCO3NaHS+1/2O2=NaOH+S↓?

　　The specific chemical reaction is as follows:? H2S+Na2CO3=NaHS+NaHCO3NaHS+1/2O2=NaOH+S↓?

　　气体流程：原料气从脱硫塔下部进入，与塔上部喷淋下来的脱硫碱液逆流接触，实现粗脱硫，气体从塔顶引出再送往后工序使用。液体流程：吸收了硫化氢的脱硫碱液从脱硫塔底部进入富液槽，经富液泵打入再生槽利用空气和催化剂进行再生；再生空气同时将脱硫碱液中的单质硫以硫泡沫的形式浮选出来后放空，硫泡沫经泡沫溢流槽流至泡沫储槽，由泡沫泵送往过滤机过滤。

　　Gas process: The raw gas enters from the lower part of the desulfurization tower and comes into contact with the desulfurization alkali solution sprayed from the upper part of the tower in reverse flow to achieve coarse desulfurization. The gas is then drawn out from the top of the tower and sent to subsequent processes for use. Liquid process: The desulfurization alkaline solution that absorbs hydrogen sulfide enters the rich liquid tank from the bottom of the desulfurization tower, and is pumped into the regeneration tank by the rich liquid pump for regeneration using air and catalyst; At the same time, the regeneration air floats out the elemental sulfur in the desulfurization lye in the form of sulfur foam and vents it. The sulfur foam flows to the foam storage tank through the foam overflow tank, and is sent to the filter by the foam pump.

　　清液回贫液槽再利用；滤饼——硫膏则直接作为副产品销售或处置。再生后的脱硫碱液经液位调节器进入贫液槽，由贫液泵加压送至脱硫塔内上部经喷头喷淋进行循环使用。?吸收过程化学反应如下：?吸收反应：H2S+Na2CO3=NaHS+NaHCO3?副反应：Na2CO3+CO2+H2O=2NaHCO3再生时脱硫液中的硫氢化钠与喷射器吸入的空气中的氧在催化剂的作用下反应如下：?2NaHS+O2=2S+2NaOH?NaOH+NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H2O

　　Reuse of clear liquid in the lean liquid tank; Filter cake - sulfur paste is directly sold or disposed of as a by-product. The regenerated desulfurization alkali solution enters the lean solution tank through the liquid level regulator, and is pressurized by the lean solution pump and sent to the upper part of the desulfurization tower for recycling through spray nozzles.? The chemical reaction during the absorption process is as follows:? Absorption reaction: H2S+Na2CO3=NaHS+NaHCO3? Side reaction: During the regeneration of Na2CO3+CO2+H2O=2NaCO3, the sodium hydrosulfide in the desulfurization solution reacts with the oxygen in the air inhaled by the injector under the action of the catalyst as follows:? 2NaHS+O2=2S+2NaOH? NaOH+NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H2O

　　（3）碱式生物法脱硫工艺?碱式生物法脱硫是指采用排硫杆菌作为脱硫细菌进行生物脱硫的方法。?碱式生物法脱硫的反应机理方程如下：?2H2S+O2→2S0+2H2O?碱式生物法脱硫主要由硫吸收单元、生物反应器单元，硫分离单元三个主要部分组成。

　　(3) Alkaline biological desulfurization process? Alkaline biological desulfurization refers to the method of using sulfur eliminating bacteria as desulfurization bacteria for biological desulfurization.? The reaction mechanism equation of alkaline biological desulfurization is as follows:? 2H2S+O2→2S0+2H2O? The alkaline biological desulfurization mainly consists of three main parts: sulfur absorption unit, bioreactor unit, and sulfur separation unit.

　　?①硫吸收单元?高效的硫化氢吸收塔是黄瓜视频软件生物脱硫系统中一个重要的组成部分，它主要是用来使气相中的硫化氢气体转为液相。吸收塔的工作过程主要为待脱除硫化氢的黄瓜视频软件通过吸收塔底部进气管进入，在压力的作用下，自下而上通过塔内的填料层。碱性溶液从吸收塔上方的喷淋装置向下喷撒，与含硫化氢的黄瓜视频软件发生逆向传质，硫化氢气体与碱液发生化学反应转变为硫化物融入吸收液，在重力作用下，吸收液自流进入生物反应器进行氧化再生。被脱除硫化氢气体的黄瓜视频软件则由吸收塔顶部的出气口离开吸收塔进入下一工序。在吸收塔内发生的化学反应主要有：?H2S+OH-→HS-+H2O?H2S+CO32-→HS-+HCO3-?CO2+OH-→HCO3-?HCO3-+OH-→CO32-+H2O?

　　What? ① Sulfur absorption unit? An efficient hydrogen sulfide absorption tower is an important component of a biogas biological desulfurization system, mainly used to convert hydrogen sulfide gas from the gas phase to the liquid phase. The working process of the absorption tower mainly involves the biogas to be removed of hydrogen sulfide entering through the inlet pipe at the bottom of the absorption tower and passing through the packing layer inside the tower from bottom to top under pressure. The alkaline solution is sprayed downwards from the spray device above the absorption tower, and undergoes reverse mass transfer with the biogas containing hydrogen sulfide. The hydrogen sulfide gas reacts chemically with the alkaline solution to transform into sulfides and merge into the absorption liquid. Under the action of gravity, the absorption liquid flows into the bioreactor for oxidation and regeneration. The biogas that has been removed of hydrogen sulfide gas leaves the absorption tower through the outlet at the top of the absorption tower and enters the next process. The main chemical reactions that occur inside the absorption tower are:? H2S+OH-→HS-+H2O? H2S+CO32-→HS-+HCO3-? CO2+OH-→HCO3-? HCO3-+OH-→CO32-+H2O?

　　②生物反应器单元?生物反应器也是黄瓜视频软件生物脱硫的一个重要组成部分，它主要用来完成硫化物的吸附降解过程。其工作过程主要是当含有硫化物的吸收液进入生物反应器后，反应器中的活性脱硫菌将硫化物吸收氧化，硫化物首先被氧化成S单质，同时再生成OH-离子。被氧化成的硫单质在重力重用下压入硫分离单元进一步与液体分离。富含OH-离子的碱性溶液，在循环泵作用下进入吸收塔中循环吸收H2S气体。部分单质S进一步被氧化成SO42-，生成H+，需要补充部分碱中和这部分氢离子。生物反应器单元设有鼓风机、曝气装置等曝气系统为反应器内的脱硫细菌提供所需要的氧气，同时增加脱硫细菌和硫化物的接触面积，以增加脱硫效率。生物反应器单元设有碱液投加系统及营养盐投加系统，为脱硫系统补充碱液和营养盐，用于调节溶液的pH值、碱度和为脱硫细菌提供所需的营养物质。

　　② Bioreactor unit? Bioreactors are also an important component of biogas biological desulfurization, mainly used to complete the adsorption and degradation process of sulfides. The main working process is that when the absorption solution containing sulfides enters the bioreactor, the active desulfurization bacteria in the reactor absorb and oxidize the sulfides. The sulfides are first oxidized to elemental S and then generate OH - ions. The oxidized elemental sulfur is pressed into the sulfur separation unit for further separation from the liquid under gravity reuse. The alkaline solution rich in OH - ions enters the absorption tower under the action of the circulation pump to circulate and absorb H2S gas. Part of the elemental S is further oxidized to SO42-, generating H+, which requires additional alkali to neutralize this hydrogen ion. The bioreactor unit is equipped with an aeration system such as a blower and an aeration device to provide the required oxygen for the desulfurization bacteria inside the reactor, while increasing the contact area between the desulfurization bacteria and sulfides to improve desulfurization efficiency. The bioreactor unit is equipped with an alkali solution feeding system and a nutrient salt feeding system to supplement the desulfurization system with alkali solution and nutrient salts, which are used to adjust the pH and alkalinity of the solution and provide the required nutrients for desulfurization bacteria.

　　③硫分离单元?硫分离单元将生物反应器中单质硫通过斜板沉淀的方式与液体进行分离，浓缩后的硫泥自沉淀器锥底排出，沉淀器的上清液回流回生物反应器。分离后的液态硫泥固含量约为20%，纯度可达95-98%，剩余的为细胞物资和微量盐类。液态硫泥可通过进一步脱水生成60-65%干度的硫饼，硫饼经高温熔融后可以生成纯度~99.8%商品硫磺；分离后的液体也可直接外排进入污水处理系统。

　　③ Sulfur separation unit? The sulfur separation unit separates elemental sulfur from the liquid in the bioreactor through inclined plate precipitation. The concentrated sulfur sludge is discharged from the bottom of the sedimentation cone, and the supernatant of the sedimentation tank flows back to the bioreactor. The solid content of the separated liquid sulfur sludge is about 20%, with a purity of 95-98%, and the remaining is cellular material and trace salts. Liquid sulfur sludge can be further dehydrated to produce 60-65% dry sulfur cake, which can be melted at high temperature to produce commercial sulfur with a purity of~99.8%; The separated liquid can also be directly discharged into the sewage treatment system.

　　（4）酸式生物法脱硫?酸式生物法脱硫是一种常温常压下以生物滤池或生物滴滤池方式利用脱硫细菌将硫化物转化为硫酸盐的脱硫方法。生物脱硫法的基本原理是：H2S气体被吸收液吸收转化为硫化物，然后被脱硫细菌吸收至体内，作为营养物质被脱硫细菌分解、氧化、利用。在脱硫的同时为脱硫细菌的生长繁衍提供能量。生物脱硫的过程主要分为三个阶段：H2S气体的吸收过程：硫化氢气体由气相转移至液相，被吸收液吸收转变为硫化物；硫化物的吸附吸收过程：溶解至水溶液中的硫化物被脱硫细菌吸收吸附，从水溶液中转移至脱硫细菌的体内；生物氧化的过程：进入脱硫细菌体内的硫化物被用作能源或养分在细菌体内酶作用下氧化分解和利用，从而达到去除H2S的目的。?酸式生物法脱硫反应方程如下：?H2S+OH-→HS-+H2O?2HS-+O2→2S0+2OH-?2SO+3O2→2SO42-+2H+因其脱硫细菌的生长还需要氧和其他营养物，通常需要在黄瓜视频软件中混入氧气、氮气等杂质气体，影响热值和安全性。又由于脱硫菌不断在滤床上繁殖更替，脱硫塔会定期堵塞，需要频繁清塔处理。

　　(4) Acid based biological desulfurization? Acid based biological desulfurization is a desulfurization method that uses desulfurization bacteria to convert sulfides into sulfates at room temperature and pressure through biological filters or biological drip filters. The basic principle of biological desulfurization method is that H2S gas is absorbed and converted into sulfides by the absorption solution, and then absorbed into the body by desulfurization bacteria as nutrients, which are decomposed, oxidized, and utilized by desulfurization bacteria. Provide energy for the growth and reproduction of desulfurization bacteria while desulfurizing. The process of biological desulfurization is mainly divided into three stages: the absorption process of H2S gas: hydrogen sulfide gas is transferred from the gas phase to the liquid phase, and is absorbed by the absorption liquid to transform into sulfides; The adsorption and absorption process of sulfides: sulfides dissolved in aqueous solution are absorbed and adsorbed by desulfurization bacteria, and transferred from the aqueous solution to the bodies of desulfurization bacteria; The process of biological oxidation: Sulfides entering the desulfurization bacteria are used as energy or nutrients, and are oxidized, decomposed, and utilized by enzymes in the bacteria to achieve the goal of removing H2S.? The reaction equation for acid based biological desulfurization is as follows:? H2S+OH-→HS-+H2O? 2HS-+O2→2S0+2OH-? 2SO+3O2 → 2SO42-+2H+Due to the growth of desulfurization bacteria requiring oxygen and other nutrients, it is usually necessary to mix impurities such as oxygen and nitrogen into biogas, which affects the calorific value and safety. Due to the continuous proliferation and replacement of desulfurization bacteria on the filter bed, the desulfurization tower will be regularly blocked and requires frequent cleaning.

　　（5）湿式络合铁氧化法脱硫?湿式络合铁催化氧化法的基本原理是，H2在碱性溶液中被Fe3+的络合物Fe3+Ln氧化成单质硫，而本身被H2S还原成Fe2+Ln，然后用空气氧化再生，生成Fe3+Ln，循环使用。湿式络合铁催化氧化法系统采用碱性络合铁催化剂的氧化还原性质，吸收酸性气中的H2S。H2S被络合铁直接氧化生成单质硫，络合铁转化为络合亚铁，然后在再生沉降槽鼓入空气，以空气氧化碱性吸收剂中的络合亚铁，使吸收剂中的络合亚铁转化为络合铁，再生回用。同时，在再生沉降槽对硫磺进行沉降分离形成硫磺浆，将硫磺浆送至过滤机中脱水成硫磺饼。?湿式络合铁氧化法脱硫反应方程式如下：吸收氧化总反应方程式：H2S(g)+2Fe3+(l)→2Fe2+(l)+2H+(l)+S0再生还原总反应方程式：0.5O2(g)+H2O(l)+2Fe2+(l)→2Fe3+(l)+2OH-(l)

　　(5) Wet chelation iron oxidation method for desulfurization? The basic principle of wet chelated iron catalytic oxidation method is that H2 is oxidized to elemental sulfur by the Fe3+complex Fe3+Ln in alkaline solution, while it is reduced to Fe2+Ln by H2S, and then regenerated by air oxidation to generate Fe3+Ln, which is recycled. The wet complexed iron catalytic oxidation system utilizes the redox properties of alkaline complexed iron catalysts to absorb H2S from acidic gases. H2S is directly oxidized by chelated iron to produce elemental sulfur, which is then converted into chelated ferrous. Air is then blown into the regeneration settling tank to oxidize the chelated ferrous in the alkaline absorbent, converting it into chelated ferrous for regeneration and reuse. At the same time, sulfur is settled and separated in the regeneration settling tank to form sulfur slurry, which is then sent to the filter machine for dehydration into sulfur cake.? The reaction equation for wet chelation iron oxidation desulfurization is as follows: absorption oxidation total reaction equation: H2S (g)+2Fe3+(l) → 2Fe2+(l)+2H+(l)+S0 regeneration reduction total reaction equation: 0.5O2 (g)+H2O (l)+2Fe2+(l) → 2Fe3+(l)+2OH - (l)

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